Abbreviations Used in Brown-Driver-Briggs

This post is really a reference for myself, for future work I might do. It’s a list of the abbreviations used in Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906). I’ve added in some links for those who might be curious about what some of these refer to. I basically copied out of Brown-Driver-Briggs, but I made little alterations (improvements, as I see it) here and there. If you don’t trust my improvements, you’ll just have to find an original copy.

A = Alexandrine Manuscript of Septuagint (Codex Alexandrinus).
ABA = Abhandlungen d. Berliner Akademie d. Wissenschaften.
abs. = absolute
abstr. = abstract
Abulf = Abulfeda
Ac = Academy (London)
acc. = accusative (direct object etc.).
acc. cogn. = accusative of cognate meaning with verb.
acc. person = accusative of person.
acc. rei = accusative of thing.
acc. to = according to.
act. = active.
adj. = adjective
adv. = adverb.
AE = Aben Ezra.
AGG = Abhandlungen d. Göttinger Gesellch. d. Wissenschaften.
AGI = Assyrian & English Glossary, John Hopkins University
AJPh = American Journal of Philology
AJSL = American Journal of Semitic Languages
Ak. = Akkadian
al. = et aliter, and elsewhere; also et alii, and others.
Albr = K. Albrecht.
alttest(am). = alttestamentliche(r,s).
alw. = always.
Am = Amos
Am.J.Sem.Lang = American Journal of Semitic Languages
AmRV = American Revised Version (American Standard Version)
Andr = Andreas. Andr^M = Idem, in Marti’s Aram. Grammatik.
Aq = Aquila.
AR = Andover Review.
Ar. = Arabic.
Aram. = Aramaic, Aramaism.
Arch. = Archaeology.
ARSK = A. R. S. Kennedy.
As. = Assyrian
Asrb. = Assurbanipal
Asrn. = Assurnasirpal.
A.T. = Altes Testament.
Ath. = Athenaeum (London)
Av. = Avesta, Avestan.
AV = Authorized Version.
AW = Abu’l Walid
A&W = Abel & Winckler, Keilschrifttexte, Glossary.
ÄZ = Ägyptische Zeitschrift.
B = Vatican Manuscript of Septuagint
Ba = J. Barth.
Ba^Erkl.d.Jes. = Idem, Erklärung des Jesaias;
Ba^ES = Idem, Etymologische Studien;
Ba^NB = Idem, Nominalbildung.
Bä = K. C. Bähr.
Bab. = Babylonian
Bacher = W. Bacher.
Bacher^Terminol. = Idem, Älteste Terminologie der jüdischen Schriftauslegung.
Bachm = J. Bachmann.
Bäd = K. Bädeker.
Bäd^Eg. = Bädeker’s Egypt;
Bäd^Pal. = Bädeker’s Palestine.
Bae = F. Baethgen.
Bae^Rel. or Bae^Sem.Rel. = Beiträge zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte.
Baen = B. Baentsch.
Bähr = K. C. Bähr.
Bähr^Symb. = Bähr, Symbolik des Mosaischen Cultus.
BAL = C. Bezold, Babylonisch-Assyrische Literatur.
B. Aram. = Biblical Aramaic.
BarHeb(r) = Bar Hebraeus.
BAS = Beiträge zur Assyriologie u. Semit. Sprachwissenschaft, edd. Dl. and Hpt.
Bau(d) = W. von Baudissin.
Bau^Rel = Idem, Studien zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte;
Bau^Priest. = Idem, Geschichte des Alttestamentlichen Priesterthums.
Bd. = Bäd, q. v.
BD = Baer & Delitzsch, Heb. Text.
Be = E. Bertheau.
Behrm = G. Behrmann.
Belsh. = Bleshazzar.
Benn = W. H. Bennett.
Benz = J. Benzinger.
Benz^Arch. = Idem, Hebräische Archaeologie.
Berggren = J. Berggren, Guide Français-Arabe Vulgaire.
Berliner^T.Onk. = A. Berliner, Targum of Onkelos
Berthol = A. Bertholet
BeRy = Bertheau’s Comm., ed. by Ryssel.
Bev = A. A. Bevan.
Bez = C. Bezold.
BH = Biblical Hebrew.
Bi = G. Bickell
Bl = F. Bleek.
Bla = J. S. Black.
Block^(Gl.) = A. Bloch, Phönizisches Glossar.
Bmg = A. J. Baumgartner
Bo = S. Bochart.
Bo^Hieroz. = Idem, Hierozoicon.
Bö = F. Böttcher.
Bö^§, or Bö^i,il = Idem, Lehrbuch d. Hebr. Sprache;
Bö^{Ä, or NÄ} = Idem, Ährenlese, or NeuÄhrenlese;
Bö^Inf = Idem, De Inferis;
Bö^Prob. = Idem, Probben alttest. Schrifterklärung.
Bondi = J. H. Bondi, Hebr. Lehnwörter in Hieroglyphischen. .Texten.
BOR = Babylonian & Oriental Record.
Br = C. A. Briggs.
Br^Gen.Intr. = Idem, General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture;
Br^Hex. = Idem, Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch;
Br^MP = Idem, Messianic Prophecy.
Braun^{de Vest. Sacerd} = J. Braunius, Vestitus Sacerdotum Hebraeorum.
Brd = C. Bredenkamp.
Brock = C. Brockelmann, especially his Lexicon Syriacum.
Bu = K. Budde.
Bu^RS = K. Budde, Richter u. Samuel;
Bu^Urg. = K. Budde, Die biblische Urgeschichte.
Buhl = Frants Buhl, especially as editor of editions 12-14 of Gesenius’s Handwörterbuch über das A. T.;
Buhl^G(eogr.) = Frants Buhl, Geographie des Alten Palästina;
Bunl^Edom. = Frants Buhl, Geschichte der Edomiter.
Bur = C. F. Burney.
Burckh = J. L. Burckhardt, especially his Travels in Syria, etc.
Bux = J. Buxtorf.
Bz = C. Bezold

c. = circa, about; also cum with.
Ca = C. P. Caspari.
Calv = John Calvin.
Cappad. = Cappadocia.
Castell = Edward Castell.
Castle = Castell.
caus. = causative
Cels^Hierob. = O. Celsius, Hierobotanicon.
cf. = confer, compare.
1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 & 2 Chronicles.
Champoll = J. F. Champollion.
Che = Thomas Kelly Cheyne.
Che^Founders = Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Founders of Old Testament Criticism;
Che^(Heb.)Hpt = Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Isaiah in Hpt.’s Sacred Books of the O.T. (‘Polychrome Bible’), English Translation, and Hebrew Text;
Che^Intr.Is. = Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Introduction to Isaiah;
Che^OP = Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter.
ChGn = G. Smith’s Chald. Genesis, Germ. edition.
Chron = Chronicles; also Chronicon (e.g. Euseb^Chron.).
Chr-Pal. = Christian-Palestinian Aramaic.
ChWB = J. Levy, Chaldäisches Wörterbuch.
Cilic. = Cilician (Aramaic).
CIS = Corpus Inscript. Semiticarum
ClGann = Clermont-Ganneau.
Co = C. H. Cornhill.
coll. = collective.
Comm. = Commentary, Commentaries, Commentators.
comp. = compare, compares, comparative.
concr. = concrete
conj = conjecture(s); also conjunction.
consec. = consecutive.
constr. = construction.
Cook = Stanley A. Cook.
Cooke = G. A Cooke.
COT = The Cuneiform Inscr. & the Old Test. (Eng. Trans. of KAT², by O. H. Whitehouse).
Cowley = A. E. Cowley.
cp. = compare.
cpd. = compound, compounded.
CR = Comptes Rendus.
cstr. = construct.
Ct = Canticles = Song of Solomon.
Cuche = Cuche’s Dictionaire Arabe-Français.

D = Deuteronomist in Deuteronomy, in other books Deuteronomic author or redactor.
D (in BAram. Appendix) = G. Dalman, usually his Aramäisches-Neuhebräisches Wörterbuch;
D^§ = G. Dalman’s Grammatik des Jüdisch-Aramäischen (second edition, 1905).
Da = A. B. Davidson.
Da^Synt. = A. B. Davison, Hebrew Syntax.
Dalm = G. Dalman.
Dalm^WB = G. Dalman, Aramäisches-Neuhebräisches Wörterbuch.
Dan. = Daniel.
DB = Dictionary of the Bible, edited by J. Hastings.
De = Franz Delitzsch.
DE^{Compl. Var.} = Franz Delitzsch, Complutensische Varianten zum alttestamentlichen Texte;
De^{HL und Koheleth} = Franz Delitzsch, Comm. über das Hohelied und Koheleth.
del. = dele, strike out (also delet, delent).
Derenb = (usually) H. Derenbourg; sometimes J. Derenbourg;
Derenb^Études = Idem, Études sur l’Épigraphie du Yémen.
DeW = W. M. L. De Wette.
DHM = D. H. Müller.
DHM^BS = D. H. Müller, Burgen u. Schlösser Süd Arabiens;
DHM^{Epigr. Denkm. (Ar., or aus Abess.)} = D. H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler, or Epigraphische Denkmäller aus Arabien, or Epigraphische Denkmäller aus Abessinien;
DHM^Hofmus. = D. H. Müller, Inschriften des Hofmuseums;
DHM^Sendsch. = D. H. Müller, Inschriften von Sendschirli;
DHM^Stud. = D. H. Müller, Südarabische Studien;
DHM^SMB = D. H. Müller, Sab. Alterthümer in d. Kön. Museen zu Berlin.
Di = A. Dillmanu.
Dict. Bib. = Smith, Dictionary of the Bible.
Dietr. = F. E. C. Dietrich, especially his Abhandlungen für semit. Wortforschung.
Diod = Diodorus Siculus.
Dioscor = Dioscorides;
Dioscor^{De Mater. Med} = Dioscorides, De Materia Medica.
div. = divinum, divinitatis.
Dl = Friedrich Delitzsch.
Dl^§ = Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar;
Dl^H = Friedrich Delitzsch, Hebrew & Hebrew;
Dl^HWB = Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch;
Dl^K = Friedrich Delitzsch, Sprache d. Kossäier;
Dl^L = Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Lesestücke;
Dl^Pa(r) = Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies?
Dl^Pr(ol) = Friedrich Delitzsch, Prolegomena;
Dl^S = Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Studien;
Dl^W = Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Wörterbuch.
DLZ = Deutsche Literatur-Zeitung.
Dn = Daniel.
Door = A. van Doorninck.
Doughty^{Arab. Des.} = C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta.
Dozy = R. Dozy, (usually) Suppl. aux Dict. Arabes.
DPV = Deutscher Palästina-Verein.
Dr = S. R. Driver.
Dr^§ = S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses;
Dr^Intr. = S. R. Driver, Introduction to Literature of O. T.;
Dr^Psalt. = S. R. Driver, Psalter;
Dr^Sm or ^Sam = S. R. Driver, Text of Samuel.
Dr-Wh = Driver and White, Leviticus (Hpt.).
Dt = Deuteronomy
Du = B. Duhm.
dub. = dubious, doubtful.
Dvd = David.
DWAk = Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie d. Wiss.
Dy = J. Dyserink.

E = Elohist.
Eb = G. Ebers.
Eb^AgM = G. Ebers, Aegypten u. d. Bücher Mosis;
Eb^GS = G. Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai.
EB(i) = Encyclopaedia Biblica, edd. Black and Cheyne.
Ec = Ecclesiastes.
Ecclus = Ecclesiasticus;
Ecclus, Oxford ed. = Heb. Fragments of Ecclesiasticus, edd. of Neubauer and Cowley.
Eg. = Egyptian.
elsewh. = elsewhere.
EMey = Eduard Meyer,
EMey^Entstehung = Eduard Meyer, Entstehung des Judenthums, = Eduard Meyer, Entstehung J., etc.
Enc.Brit. = Encyclopaedia Brittanica, ninth edition.
Ency(cl).Bib = Encyclopaedia Biblica, Cheyne and Black.
Eng.Tr(ans). = English Translation
Ephr. = Ephraimitic source.
Ephr(em) = Ephrem Syrus.
Esar. = Esarhaddon.
Esdr. = Esdras.
esp. = especially.
Est = Esther.
E.T. = English Translation
Eth. = Ethiopic.
Eut = J. Euting.
Eut^K = J. Euting, Sammlung Karthag. Inschriften;
Eut^Nab = J. Euting, Nabatäische Inschriften;
Eut^Sin. = J. Euting, Sinaitische Inschriften.
E.V = English Version(s)
Ew = H. Ewald.
Ew^§ = H. Ewald, Heb. Gram.;
Ew^G(esch.) = H. Ewald, Geschichte d. Volkes Israel;
Ew^H = H. Ewald, History of Israel (English translation of Ew^G(esch.));
Ew^JBW, or Ew^Jahrb. = H. Ewald, Jahrb. d. bibl. Wissenschaft;
Ew^BTh = H. Ewald, Biblische Theologie;
Ew^Ant = H. Ewald, Antiquities.
Ex = Exodus
exc. = except.
exil = exile.
Ez = Ezekiel.
Ezr = Ezra.
f., f. = feminine.
f, or ff = and following.
F. B. = F. Brown.
fem. = feminine, feminae.
FFP = Flora and Fauna of Palestine (Survey).
Fi = Frederick Field, especially his Origenis Hexplorum quae supersunt.
fig. = figurative.
fin. = finite, finitivum.
FJB = F. J. Bliss.
Fl = H. L. Fleischer.
Fl^Kl.Schr. = H. L. Fleischer, Kleine Schriften.
Flora = Post, Flora of Syria.
fr. = from
Fr = S. Frensdorff.
Fr^MM = Id., Massora Magna.
Frä = S. Fränkel, and usually his Aramäische Fremdwörter im Arabischen.
Franken(berg) = W. Frankenberg.
Frankenb^Spr = W. Frankenberg, Comm. Sprüche (ed. Nowack).
Frey = G. W. Freytag, Lex. Arab.;
Frey^Prov.Ar., or ^Prov. = G. W. Freytag, Arabuni Proverbia.
fs. = feminine singular.
Fü = J. Fürst.

G [blackletter] = Greek Version of the Septuagint.
G [blackletter] ^L = Septuagint of Lucian (Lag.)
GACooke = (usually) G. A. Cooke, North Semitic Inscription; = GACooke^Inscr.
Gal = Galilee
Gann = Clermont-Ganneau
GASm = George Adam Smith.
GASm^G(eogr.) = George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land.
Gei = A. Geiger.
Gei^Urschr. = A. Geiger, Urschrift u. Übersetzungen der Bible;
Gei^{Nachgel. Schr.} = A. Geiger, Nachgelassene Schriften.
gent = gentis, of a people, gentilicum.
geogr. = geography.
Gerber^{(Verb. Denom.)} = W T. Gerber, Verba Denominativa.
Ges = W. Gesenius.
Ges^§ = W. Gesenius, Heb. Gram. ed. by Kautzsch;
Ges^Lbg = W. Gesenius, Lehrgebäude d. Heb. Sprache.
Gesch. = Geschichte.
Gf = K. H. Graf.
GFM = G. F. Moore.
GGA = Göttingsche Gelehrte Anzeigen.
GGAbh. = Gött. Gel. Abhandlungen.
GGN = Gött. Nachrichten.
Gie = F. Giesebrecht.
Gi(nsb) = C. D. Ginsburg.
Gl(as) = E. Glaser;
Gl^MSI = E. Glaser, Mittheilungen über Sab. Inschriften;
Gl^Skizze = E. Glaser, Skizze der Geschichte u. Geographie Arabiens.
Gloss., gl. = glossary, rarely = a gloss.
Gn = Genesis
Gr = H. Grätz.
Gray = G. B. Gray.
Gray^{Prop. N.} = Hebrew Proper Names, by G. B. Gray.
Gu = H. Guthe, rarely Stan. Guyard.
Gu^§ = Guyard, Notes de. lexicogr. assyrienne.
Guérin = V. Guérin, Description géographique de la Palestine.
Guidi = Ignazio Guidi
Guidi^{Della Sede} = Della Sede Primitiva dei Popoli Semitici, Ignazio Guidi.
Gunk = H. Gunkel.
Gunk^Schöpf. = Schöpfung u. Chaos, H. Gunkel.
Guy = Stan. Guyard

H (in blackletter font) = Hebrew (Consonantal Text).
H (regular font) = Code of Holiness
Haev. = Haevernick.
Hal = J. Halévy.
Hal^M = J. Helévy, Mélanges
Hal^DR = J. Halévy, Documents Religieux
Hal^MA = J. Halévy, Mission Archéol. dans le Yémen
Hal^ÉS, or Hal^{Et. Sab.} = J. Halévy, Études Sabéenes.
Ḫamm = Ḫammurabi, especially his Code of Laws.
Hartm^{Plurilit.-bildungen} = M. Hartmann, Pluriliteralbindungen in den semitischen Sprachen.
Hast = James Hastings. Hast(ings)^DB or ^{Dict. Bib.} = Dictionary of the Bible, ed. James Hastings.
Hbr = Hebraica.
HDerenb = H. Derenbourg.
Heb. = Hebrew
He(ngst) = E. Hengstenberg.
Hered(ot) = Herodotus.
Hex = Hexateuch.
Hg = Haggai.
Hi = F. Hitzig.
Hilg. = A. Hilgenfeld.
Hilpr = H. V. Hilprecht.
Hirz = L. Hirzel.
Ho = Hosea
Hoffm = G. Hoffmann.
Hollenb = W. A. Hollenberg.
Holz = H. Holzinger.
Hom = F. Hommel.
Hom^AA, or ^{A. u. A}, or ^Augsätze = his Aufsätze u. Abhandlungen
Hom^Chr or ^Chrest(om.), or ^{Südar. Chrest.} = his Südarabische Chrestomathie
Hom^NS = his Namen der Säugethiere.
Houb = C. F. Houbigant.
HP = Holmes & Parsons, Septuagint.
HPS = H. P. Smith.
Hpt = Paul Haupt.
Hpt^C = his Akkadische Sprache
Hpt^D = his Über einen Dialekt der Sumerischen Sprache [GGN. 1880, Nr. 17]
Hpt^E = his E. vowel
Hpt^F = his Sumer Familiengesetsze
Hpt^L = his Beiträge z. Ass. Lautlehre
Hpt^N = his Nimrodepos
Hpt^{Prol. As. Gr.} = his Prolegomena to an Assyrian Grammar
Hpt^S = his Sintfluthbericht
Hpt^T = his ASKT, Akkad. & Su. Keilschrifttexte
Hpt, or ^Hpt (Che^Hpt, &c.) usually = Sacred Books of the O. T., ed. Hpt (Polychrome Bible)
HSch = H. Schultz
Hultsch = F. Hultsch, Griechische u. Römische Metrologie
Hup = H. Hupfeld.
Hup^Ri, Hup^RiNow, Hup-Now = his Psalmen, edd. Riehm, Nowack.

Idiot. = Idioticon
Impft. = Imperfect
Imv. = Imperative
ind. = indirect
indef. = indefinite
Inf. = Infinitive
infr. infr. = infra, below
Inschr. = Inschrift, Inschriften
inscr. = inscription(s)
Inscr. of Carpentr. = Inscription of Carpentras
intr(ans) = intransitive
i.q. = id quod. i.c. the same with.
Is = Isaiah.

J = Jehovist
JA = Journ. of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Jacob = G. Jacob.
Jacob^{Ar(ab.) Dichter} = G. Jacob’s Studien in Arab. Dichtern
Jacob^{Bed. Leben} = G. Jacob’s Leben der vorislamischen Beduinen
J. Aram == Jewish-Aramaic (Jüdisch-Aramäisch).
JAs = Journal Asiatique
Jastr = Marcus Jastrow, Dict. of Targummim, Talmud, etc.; also Morris Jastrow, Jr.
Jastr^{Rel. Bab.} = M. Jastrow, Jr., Religion of Babylonia and Assyria
J^{AT. im Licht d. AO} = A. Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Licht des Alten Orients.
Jb = Job
JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature
JBTh = Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theologie.
JDMich = J. D. Michaelis.
Je = Jeremiah.
Jen = P. Jensen
Jen^Cosmol. = P. Jensen’s Cosmologie der Babylonier
Jer = Jerome; also Jerusalem
Jerem = A. Jeremias
Jerus. = Jerusalem
Jes = Jesaias
JHC = Johns Hopkins Univ. Circulars
JHMich = J. H. Michaelis
JLZ = Jenaer Lit.-Zeitung
Jo = Joel
Jon = Jonah
Jos = Joshua
Jos^Ant, Jos^BJ = Fl. Josephus, Antiquities, or Bell. Jud.
Joseph = Fl. Josephus (sts.)
JosKi = Joseph Kimchi
Jph(il). = Journal of Philology (Engl)
JPTh = Jahrbücher für Prot. Theol.
JQ = Jewish Quarterly
Jr = A. Jeremias, Leben nach dem Tode.
JThS = Journal of Theological Studies
Ju = Judges
Jud. = Judaea, Judaean
Jüd. Zeitschr. = Monatsschrift für Gesch. u. Wiss. des. Judenthums.
juss. = jussive

K = E. Kautzsch (in B. Aram. Appendix)
K^§ = E. Kautzsch’s Gramm. d. bibl. Aram.
K^Aram = E. Kautzsch’s Aramaismen im A.T.
1K, 2K = 1 & 2 Kings.
Ḳam. = al-Ḳamus (Arab. Dict.), by al-Fīrūzābādi.
KAT² = E. Schrader, Keilinschr. u. d. Alte Testament
KAT³ = Schrader’s 3rd ed. by H. Winckler and H. Zimmern
Kau = E. Kautzsch
Kau^§ = Kautzsch, Gram. d. bibl. Aram.
Kau^{Aram(aismen)(im AT)} = K^Aram
Kau^AT = Die Hieligen Schriften d. Alten Testaments, ed. Kau.
Kau^MN = Kautzsch, Mittheilungen u. Nachrichten d. DPV, 1904
^Kau (So^Kau, etc.) = Kau^AT.
Kay = W Kay
KB = E. Schrader, Keilinschriftl. Bibliothek.
Ke = C. F. Keil
Kenn = B. Kennicott
Kennedy = (usu.) A. R. S. Kennedy
KG = E. Schrader, Die Keilinschr. und die Geschichtforschung
kg. = king.
Kgs. = Kings.
Ki = David Kimchi (Qamchi).
Kiep(ert) = H. Kiepert
Kirkp = A. F. Kirkpatrick
Kit = R. Kittel
Kit^Di = Di, Jesaia, ed. Kit
Kit^{Gesch.(or Hist.)} = Kit, Geschichte der Hebräer (or Eng. Trans.).
Kit-Di = Kit^Di = Dillmann’s Comm. (Isaiah), ed. by Kit.
Klo = A. Klosternmann
Kl^S = Die Bücher Sam. u. d. Könige
Kmp = A. Kamphausen
Kn = A. Knobel
Knudtzon^{Ass. Gebete} = J. A. Knudtzon, Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott
Kö = E. König
Kö^{i, ii, iii} = König, Heb. Gram.
Kö^Synt. = Köⁱⁱⁱ
Kö^§ = König, Heb. Gram.
Kö^Einl = König, Einleitung in d. A.T.
Köh = A. Köhler
Kohut-Memorial = Studies in Memory of A. Kohut
Kohut-Studies = the same as the previous
Kosters^Herstel = W. H. Kosters, Het Herstel van Israël in het Perzische Tijdvak
Kp = A. F. Kirkpatrick
Krae = R. Kraetzschmar
Krauss = S. Krauss, esp. his Griechische und Lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud, etc.
Kremer = A. Kremer
Kremer^Beitr. = Kremer, Beiträge
Krochm = A. Krochmal
KSGW = Königl. Sächs. Ak. d. Wiss.
Kt = K^ethibh.
Kue = A. Kuenen
Kue^{Ges. Abh.} = Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen

La = Lamentations
Lag = P. de Lagarde
Lag^Agathang. = Lagarde, Agathangelus
Lag^{Arm. Stud.}, or ^AS = Lagarde, Armenische Studien
Lag^BN = Lagarde, Bildung d. Nomina
Lag^M, or ^Mitth. = Lagarde, Mittheilungen
Lag^{Novi Psalt. spec.} = Largarde, Novi Psalterii Specim.
Lag^Onom. = Lagarde, Onomastica Sacra
Lag^Or = Lagarde, Orientalia
Lag^{Pers. Stud.} = Lagarde, Persische Studien
Lag^Se = Lagarde, Semitica
Lag^Sy or ^Sym(m.) = Lagarde, Symmicta
Landberg = C. Landberg.
Landberg^Prov. = Landberg, Proverbes et Dictons.
Lane = E. W. Lane; usu. Lane’s Arabic Dictionary
Lane^{(Mod.) Egypt} = Lane’s Modern Egyptians
Lay = A. H. Layard
l.c. = in loco citato
LCB = Litterarisches Centralblatt
Ldzb = M. Lidzbarski; usu. Lidzbarski’s Nordsemitische Inschriften
Len = F. Lenormant
Len^Beginnings = Lenormant, Beginnings of History (Eng. Trans. of Origines de l’Histoire, I).
Len^Or(ig.) = Lenormant, Les Origines de l’Histoire
(v.)Leng = C. von Lengerke
Levy = Jacob Levy
Lewy^{(Sem.) Fremdw(örter)} = H. Lewy, Semitische Fremdwörter im Griechischen
Liḥy = Liḥyanian (language)
Lindberg^{Vergl. Sem. Gram.} = Lindberg, Vergleichende semitische Grammatik
Linn = C. Linnaeus (Carl von Linné).
Littm = Enno Littmann
Lo = R. Lowth
loc. = local, locality
Loft = W. K. Loftus, esp. Loft^CS = Loftus, Chaldaea and Susiana
LOPh = Literaturblatt für Orientalische Philologie
Löw = J. Löw, Aramäische Pflanzennamen
Lu = Martin Luther
Luz(z) = S. D. Luzzatto
Lv = Leviticus
Lyon = D. G. Lyon
Lzb = M. Lidzbarski (v. Ldzb.).
Lzb^Eph(em). = Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik

M, M^§ = (in BAram. Appendix) K Marti, Gram. d. bibl. Aram.
m. m. = masculine
M-A = W. Muss-Arnolt
M-A^CD = Muss-Arnolt, Compendious Assyr. Dict.
Mal = Malachi
Mand. = Mandean
Marquart = J. Marquart
Marquart Id., ^Fundamente = Id., Fundamente israelitischer u. jüdischer Geschichte
Marti = K. Marti
Mas(s) = Masora
MBAk = Monatsbericht d. Berliner Akad. d. Wissenschaften
MDPV = Mittheilungen d. Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
Me = A. Merx
Meier^WurzelWB = E. Meier, Hebräisches Wurzelwörterbuch
Meinh = J. Meinhold
Meissn = B. Meissner
Meissn^Suppl. = Meissner, Supplement zum Assyr. Wörterb.
Mem. = Survey of W. Palestine, Memoirs.
metaph. = metaphor, metaphorically
Mey = E. Meyer
Mey^{E. Jud.}, or ^Enstehung, or ^{Enst. J.}, or ^{Enstehung d. Jud.}, or ^Judenth(um) = Meyer, Die Entstehung des Judenthums
MGWJ = Monatsschr., q.v.
MI = Mesha-Inscription
Mi = Micah
Mich = J. D. Michaelis
Min. = Minaean
Mish(n). = Mishna.
mng. = meaning
Mo = F. E. Movers
Monatsschr. = Monatsschrift für Geschichte u. Wissen. d. Judenthums
Mordt(m) = J. H. Mordtmann
Mordtm^{Him. Inschr.} = Mordtmann, Himjarische Inschriften
mpl. = masculine plural
ms. = masculine singular
MT = Massoretic Text
Müll = A. Müller
Muss-Arn = W. Muss-Arnolt
MV^11(10,9,8) = Gesenius, Handwörterbuch über das A.T., edd. F. Mühlau & W. Volck.
MVAG, or MVG = Mittheilungen d. Vorderasiatischen Gesellshaft

n. = nomen, noun.
Na = Nahum
Nab. = Nabataean
Näg = C. W. E. Nägelsbach
Nasar = Lexid. cod. Nasaraei, ed. M. Norberg
NBab. = New Babylonian
Nbr = A. Neubauer
Ne = Nehemiah (rarely = E. Nestle)
Neb = Nebuchadnezzar
Nes = E. Nestle
Nes^§ = Nestle, Syriac Gram.
Nes^Eg = Eigennamen
Nes^Marg = Nestle, Marginalien u. Materialien
NH = New (Late) Hebrew
NHWB = Levy, Neuhebr. Wörterb.
NKZ = Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift
Nö = T. Nöldeke.
Nö^§ = Nöldeke, Syrische Grammatik
Nö^Beitr(äge) or ^BSW = Nöldeke, Beiträge z. semitischen Sprachwissenschaft
Nö^NS = Nöldeke, Neu-Syrische Grammatik
Nö^Untersuch. = Nöldeke, Untersuchungenzur Kritik A.T.
Nö^{Zur Gram. d. class. Ar.} = Nöldeke, Zur Grammatik des clasischen Arab. (in Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie, 1896).
no. = number
nom. = nomen, noun.
nom. coll = nom. collectivum</em, collective noun.
nom. unit = nom. unitatis, noun of singular or individual meaning.
Nor = E. Norris, Assyrian Dictionary
Norberg^Lexid. = Nasar, q.v.
Norzi = J. S. ben Abraham Norzi
Now = W. Nowack
Now^Arch. = Nowack, Hebräische Archäologie
n.pr. = nomen proprium, proper name
n.pr.loc. = n. pr. loci, proper name of place.
Nu = Numbers

Ob = Obadiah
obj. = object
OBaktr. = Old Baktrian
Oehl = Oehler
oft. = often
OH = Old Hebrew (Inscriptions).
OIran. = Old Iranian
Ol = J. Olshausen
Ol^§ = Olshausen, Heb. Gram.
OLZ = Orientalische Literaturzeitung
Onk = Targum of Onkelos
Oort = H. Oort
op. cit. = in opere citato
OP(ers.) = Old Persian. OP also (in Che^OP) = Origin of Psalter.
opp. = opposite, as oppposed to, or contrasted with.
Opp(ert) = Jules Oppert
Or(elli) = C. von Orelli
Os = E. Osiander
OT = Old Testament
Öt = S. Öttli

P = Priests’ Code or Narrative
Pal(est). = Palestine, Palestinian, etc.
Pal(m). = Palmyrene
PAOS = Proceedings of the American Oriental Society
Pap. = Papyrus
part. = particle
pass. = passive
PB = Proceedings of Soc. of Bib. Archaeol.
Pe = J. J. S. Perowne
PEF = Pal. Esplor. Fund., usu their Quart. Statem’nt.
PEF^Mem. = Mem., q.v.
Pei = F. E. Peiser
Perles = F. Perles
Perles^(Anal.) = Perles, Analekten
pers. = person, personae
Pers. = Persian
PESoc = American Palestinian Explor. Society
Pf. = Perfect
Ph. = Phenician
Phi = F. Philippi
Pietschm = R. Pietschmann (also Pietschm^Phön(iz.), or ^{Gesch. Ph.}) = (usu.) Pietschmann, Geschichte Phöniziens
Pinsk = S. Pinsker
pl. = plural
Plin^HN = Pliny, Hist. Nat.
POS = Proceedings Am. Orient Soc.
Post = G. E. Post
Post^Flora = Post, Flora of Syria
postB = post-Biblical
postex = post-exilic
Pr = Proverbs
Prä(t) = F. Prätorius
Prä^{Amh. Spr.} = Prätorius, Amharische Sprache
Prä(t)^{Neue Beiträge} = Prätorius, Neue Beiträage zur Erklärung der Himjarischen Inschriften
PRE = Herzog’s Prot. Real-Encycl.
Presb. Rev. = Presbyterian Review (New York)
Prol = Prolegomena
PS = R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus
Ps = Psalms, Psalmen
Ps.-J = Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan
Ψ = Psalm.
pt(cp). = participle
Ptol = Ptolemy (usu. Claudius Ptolemy)
punct. = punctuation

Qor = Qoran
Qr = Q^erê
qu. = question
q.v. = quod vide.
qy. = query

R = Redactor (e.g. in Hexateuch).
R^D = Deuteronomic redactor
1 R, 2 R, 3 R, 4 R, 5 R = Cuneiform Inscr. of Western Asia (H. Rawlinson)
RA = Revue Archéologique
Ra = Rashi
rd. = read
rdg. = reading
Rd’A = Revue d’Assyriologie
Re = E. Renan
Reckend = S. Reckendorf
refl. = reflexive
RÉJ = Revue des Études Juives
Rel = H. Reland
RÉS = Répertoire d’Épigraphie Sémitique
Rev. Bib. = Revue Biblique
Ri = E. Riehm
Ri^HWB = Handwörterb. d. bibl. Alterth.
Rö = E. Rödiger
Rob = E. Robinson
Rob^BR = Robinson, Biblical Researches
Rob-Ges = Gesenius, Hebrew and English Lexicon, translated by E. Robinson
Roo = T. Roorda
Rosenm = E. F. C. Rosenmüller
Rothst = W. Rothstein
RP²⁽¹⁾ = Records of Past, 2nd (1st) Series
RS = W. Robertson Smith
RS^OTJC = RS, Old Testament in Jewish Church
RS^Proph. = RS, Prophets of Israel
RS^K = RS, Kinship & Marriage in Early Arabia
RS^Sem = RS, Religion of Semites
RTr = Recueil de Travaux
Ru = Ruth
RV = Revised Version
RVm = Revised Version margin
RWB = Bibl. Realwörterbuch, ed. Winer
Ry = V. Ryssel

S [blackletter] = Syriac Version
S [blackletter]^Jerus = Chr-Pal. Evang. (Lagarde).
1S, 2S = 1 & 2 Samuel
Saad = Arabic Version of Saadya
Sab = Sabean
SabDenkm = Sabäische Denkmäler, edd. Mordtmann & Müller
SAC = Stanley A. Cook, especially his Aramaic Glossary
Sam. = Samaria, Samaritan (rarely Samuel)
Sarg. = Sargon
SahoSpr = Saho Sprache
SASm = S. A. Smith
Say = A. H. Sayce
Say^Monuments = Sayce, Higher Criticism and the Monuments
Say^{Rel. Bab.} = Sayce, Religion of Babylonia
SB = SBAk
S-C^Pap. = A. H. Sayce and A. E. Cowley, Aram. Papyri
Sch = F. W. Schultz
Scheft = Scheftelowitz, usu. = Scheft, Arisches im A.T.
Scheft^MGWJ = Scheft, Monatsschrift für Gesch. u. Wiss. d. Jud. (1903); also pub seperately (Scheftⁱⁱ).
Schenkel^BL = D. Schenkel, Bibel-Lexicon
Schl(ottm) = C. Schlottmann
Schr = E. Schrader
Schröd, Schroed = P. Schröder, esp. his Phönizische Sprache
Schu = A. Schultens
Schü = E. Schürer, Gesch. des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi
Schulth = F. Schulthess
Schulth^{Hom. Wurz.} = Schulthess, Homonymische Wurzeln im Syrischen
Schulth^Lex. = Schulthess, Lexicon d. Chr. Pal. Aramäischen
Schw = F. Schwally
Schw(ally)^Idiot. = Schwally, Idioticon d. Chr. Pal.
Seetzen^Reise = Seetzen, Reisen durch Syrien
seld. = seldom, rare
Sen = Sennacherib
Sendsch. = Sendschirli (Zinjirli).
sf. = suffix, or with suffix
sg. = singular
Shlm = Shalmaneser II
SI = Siloam Inscription
si vera l. = si vera lectio
Siegf = C. Siegfried.
sim. = simile
SK = Studien u. Kritiken
Skr = Sanskrit
Sm = R. Smend (rarely = Samuel)
Sm^{Rel. Gesch.} = Smend, Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte
Sm^Listen = Smend, Listen der Bücher Esra u. Nehemia
So(c) = A. Socin
Spi = W. Spitta
Spi^§ = Gram. d. arab. Vulg. Dial.
Spieg = F. Spiegel
Spieg^APK = Spiegel, Altpersische Keilinschriften
Spiegelb = W. Spiegelberg
Spr = Sprache, or Sprüche
sq. = followed by
SS = C. Siegfried u. B. Stade, Hebräisches Wörterbuch
st. = status, state, stative
St = H. Steiner
Sta = B. Stade
Sta^§ = Stade, Heb. Gram.
Sta^G(esch.) = Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel
Steind = G. Steindorff
Steuern = C. Steuernagel
Str = H. L. Strack
Str^§ = Strack, Gram. d. bibl. Aram.
Strassm = foll.
Strm = J. Strassmaier
Strm^AV = Strassmaier, Alphabet Verzeichniss
sts. = sometimes
Stu = G. Studer
Stud. Bib. = Studia Biblica
subst. = substantive
Sum(er). = Sumerian
supr., supr. = supra, above.
Surenh = W. Surenhusius, Mishna.
Survey, Survey^WP = Survey of Western Palestine (PEF)
Survey^EP = Survey of Eastern Palestine (PEF)
Symm. = Symmachus
Syr. = Syriac

T [blackletter] = Targum.
t. (following a number) = times.
TA = Tel el-Amarna; also Taj-al-‘Arūs (Arab. Dict.)
Talm = Talmud
Tariff = Palmyrene Tariff Inscription
TB, TBA = Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology
TelAm = TA, q.v.
Tg = Targum
Tg^Jer = Targum of Jerusalem, etc.
The(e) = O. Thenius
Theod = Theodotion
Theophr = Theophrastus
Theophr^{Hist. Plant.} = Theophrastus, Historia de Plantis
Thes = W. Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae
Thes^Add. = Id., Additions by E. Rödiger
ThT = Theologisch Tijdschrift
ThLB = Theologisch Tijdschrift
ThLZ = Theol. Literaturzeitung
Tiele = C. P. Tiele
Tiph. = Tiphel (rare conjugation)
Tiglath-Pileser
Tpg = Topography
Tr = Transactions
tr. = translate (translated, translation); rarely = transitive
Tristr = H. B. Tristram
Tristr^NHB = Tristram, Natural History of the Bible
Tristr^FFP = Tristram, Fauna and Flora and Palestine (Survey, Memoirs)
TSBA = TB, q.v.
TSWt = Theol. Studien aus Würtemberg
TTijdschr = ThT, q.v.
Tu = F. Tuch.
txt. = text.
txt. err. = textual error.

Univ.Pa.Exp. = Bab. Exped. of the Univ. of Pennsylvania
usu. = usual, usually.

V [blackletter] = Vulgate
v = verse
v. = vide, see.
van d. H. = E. van der Hooght, Heb. text of O.T.
var. = variant reading
VB = Variorum Bible
vb. = verb.
vdVelde = C. W. M. van de Velde, esp. his Reis door Syrie en Palestina; E.T., Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine
vdVelde^Mem(oir) = van de Velde, Memoir to accompany Map of Holy Land constructed by C. W. M. van de Velde.
vid = vide, see.
vir. = viri of a man.
Vog = C. J. M. de Vogüé, Syrie Centrale.
Vog^Palm. = de Vogüé, [it looks like the typesetter may have accidentally left out the intended title here]
Vogelst^{Landwirthsch.} = H. Vogelstein, Landwirthschaft in Palästina zur Zeit der Mišnâh.
VOJ = Vienna Oriental Journal (= Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes)
Vrss = Old Versions
Vulg. Ar. = Vulgar Arabic.
Vullers = J. A. Vullers, Lexicon Persico-Latinum

W = W. Wright.
W^AG = Wright, ArabicGram.;
W^SG, or ^CG = Wright, Comp. Semit. Gram.
Wahrm = A.Wahrmund, esp. Wright, Arab. Handwörterbuch.
WAW = W. Adlis Wright
wd. = word, also would
We = J. Wellhausen
We^{Bl. Einl.} = Wellhausen, Bleek’s Einleitung in d. A.T.
We^Comp. = Wellhausen, Composition des Hexateuchs
We^{de gent.} = Wellhausen, De gentibus et familiis Iudaeis
We^{Heid. (or, Arab. Heidenthum)} = Wellhausen, Reste Arabischen Heidenthums (=We^{Skizzen iv, 2nd ed.})
We^Hist. = Wellhausen, History of Israel (trans. by Black)
We^Prol. = Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels
We^Skizzen = Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten
Weissb = F. H. Weissbach
Wetzst = J. G. Wetzstein
wi. = with, construed with
Wied = A. Wiedemann
Wied^Samml = Wiedemann, Sammlung Altägyptische Wörter.
Wild(eb) = G. Wildeboer
Wilkinson^{(Anc.) Egypt.} = J. G. Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians
WisdLT = Wisdom Literature
Wkl = H. Winckler
WMM = W. Max Müller.
WMM^{As. u. Eur(op.), or Asien} = Müller, Asien u. Europa.
Wr = C. H. H. Wright
Wü = A. Wünsche
WZKM = VOJ, q.v.

Xon(oph). = Xenophon

Z = Zeitschrift
ZA = Zeitschr. für Assyriologie.
ZAW = Z. f. alttest. Wissenschaft
Ze = Zechariah
Zehnpf = R. Zehnpfund
ZEthnol = Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
Zim = H. Zimmern.
Zim^BP = Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen
Zinj. = Inscriptions of Zinjirli (N. Syria)
ZK = Z. für Keilschriftforschung
ZKM = Z. f. Kunde d. Morgenlandes
ZKW, or ZKWL = Z. f. kirchl. Wiss. und kirchl. Leben.
ZLuth.Th = Z. für Lutherische Theologie.
ZMG = Z. d. deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft
Zö = O. Zöckler
Zp = Zephaniah
ZPV = Z. d. deutsch. Pal.-Vereins.
ZVölkerpsych = Z. für Völkerpsychologie
ZWTh., or ZWiss.Th. = Z. für Wissenschaftliche Theologie

< over a letter, indicates the accented (tone-)syllable.
† prefixed, or added, or both, indicates “All passages cited.”
> indicates that the preceding is to be preferred to the following.
< indicates that the following is to be preferred to the preceding.
‖ parallel, of words (synonymous or constrasted); also of passages; sometimes = ‘see parallel,’ or ‘so also in parallel.’
= equivalent, equals
+ plus, denotes often that other passages, etc., might be cited. So also where the forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives are illustrated by citations, near the beginning of articles; while ‘etc.’ in such connexions commonly indicates that other forms of the word occur, which it has not been thought worth while to cite.
[ ] indicates that the form, etc., enclosed, is not actually found, or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof; e.g. n. [m.] denotes that the noun is presumably masculine, though the gender is not clearly exhibited in Hebrew.
√ = root or stem.
׳ = sign of abbreviation (in Hebrew words).
א׳ often = Elohim.
וגו׳ = w’gomer = et cetera (in Hebrew quotations).
י׳ = Yahweh
^ beneath a Hebrew word represents any accent that occasions vowel change.

NOTE. Scripture citations in small superior letters and figures, following n.m. or n.f., refer to some passage where the gender is exhibited. Small inherior figures following Hebrew words, names of conjugations, etc., denote the (approximate) number of occurrences of such words, conjugations, etc.